本文共 27019 字,大约阅读时间需要 90 分钟。
摘要: 可以说是《Clean Code》的JS代码示例了,值得参考。
经授权转载,版权归原作者所有。
测试代码质量的唯一方式:别人看你代码时说 f * k 的次数。
代码质量与其整洁度成正比。干净的代码,既在质量上较为可靠,也为后期维护、升级奠定了良好基础。
本文并不是代码风格指南,而是关于代码的可读性
、复用性
、扩展性
探讨。
我们将从几个方面展开讨论:
Bad:
const yyyymmdstr = moment().format('YYYY/MM/DD');
Good:
const currentDate = moment().format('YYYY/MM/DD');
可能同一个项目对于获取用户信息,会有三个不一样的命名。应该保持统一,如果你不知道该如何取名,可以去 搜索,看别人是怎么取名的。
Bad:
getUserInfo();getClientData();getCustomerRecord();
Good
getUser()
可以用 或者 检测代码中未命名的常量。
Bad:
// 三个月之后你还能知道 86400000 是什么吗?setTimeout(blastOff, 86400000);
Good
const MILLISECOND_IN_A_DAY = 86400000;setTimeout(blastOff, MILLISECOND_IN_A_DAY);
通过一个变量生成了一个新变量,也需要为这个新变量命名,也就是说每个变量当你看到他第一眼你就知道他是干什么的。
Bad:
const ADDRESS = 'One Infinite Loop, Cupertino 95014';const CITY_ZIP_CODE_REGEX = /^[^,\\]+[,\\\s]+(.+?)\s*(\d{5})?$/;saveCityZipCode(ADDRESS.match(CITY_ZIP_CODE_REGEX)[1], address.match(CITY_ZIP_CODE_REGEX)[2]);
Good
const ADDRESS = 'One Infinite Loop, Cupertino 95014';const CITY_ZIP_CODE_REGEX = /^[^,\\]+[,\\\s]+(.+?)\s*(\d{5})?$/;const [, city, zipCode] = ADDRESS.match(CITY_ZIP_CODE_REGEX) || [];saveCityZipCode(city, zipCode);
Bad:
const locations = ['Austin', 'New York', 'San Francisco'];locations.forEach((l) => { doStuff(); doSomeOtherStuff(); // ... // ... // ... // 需要看其他代码才能确定 'l' 是干什么的。 dispatch(l);});
Good
const locations = ['Austin', 'New York', 'San Francisco'];locations.forEach((location) => { doStuff(); doSomeOtherStuff(); // ... // ... // ... dispatch(location);});
如果创建了一个对象 car,就没有必要把它的颜色命名为 carColor。
Bad:
const car = { carMake: 'Honda', carModel: 'Accord', carColor: 'Blue'};function paintCar(car) { car.carColor = 'Red';}
Good
const car = { make: 'Honda', model: 'Accord', color: 'Blue'};function paintCar(car) { car.color = 'Red';}
Bad:
function createMicrobrewery(name) { const breweryName = name || 'Hipster Brew Co.'; // ...}
Good
function createMicrobrewery(name = 'Hipster Brew Co.') { // ...}
如果参数超过两个,使用 ES2015/ES6
的解构语法,不用考虑参数的顺序。
Bad:
function createMenu(title, body, buttonText, cancellable) { // ...}
Good
function createMenu({ title, body, buttonText, cancellable }) { // ...}createMenu({ title: 'Foo', body: 'Bar', buttonText: 'Baz', cancellable: true});
这是一条在软件工程领域流传久远的规则。严格遵守这条规则会让你的代码可读性更好,也更容易重构。如果违反这个规则,那么代码会很难被测试或者重用。
Bad:
function emailClients(clients) { clients.forEach((client) => { const clientRecord = database.lookup(client); if (clientRecord.isActive()) { email(client); } });}
Good
function emailActiveClients(clients) { clients .filter(isActiveClient) .forEach(email);}function isActiveClient() { const clientRecord = database.lookup(client); return clientRecord.isActive();}
看函数名就应该知道它是干啥的。
Bad:
function addToDate(date, month) { // ...}const date = new Date();// 很难知道是把什么加到日期中addToDate(date, 1);
Good
function addMonthToDate(month, date) { // ...}const date = new Date();addMonthToDate(1, date);
如果函数嵌套过多会导致很难复用以及测试。
Bad:
function parseBetterJSAlternative(code) { const REGEXES = [ // ... ]; const statements = code.split(' '); const tokens = []; REGEXES.forEach((REGEX) => { statements.forEach((statement) => { // ... }); }); const ast = []; tokens.forEach((token) => { // lex... }); ast.forEach((node) => { // parse... });}
Good
function parseBetterJSAlternative(code) { const tokens = tokenize(code); const ast = lexer(tokens); ast.forEach((node) => { // parse... });}function tokenize(code) { const REGEXES = [ // ... ]; const statements = code.split(' '); const tokens = []; REGEXES.forEach((REGEX) => { statements.forEach((statement) => { tokens.push( /* ... */ ); }); }); return tokens;}function lexer(tokens) { const ast = []; tokens.forEach((token) => { ast.push( /* ... */ ); }); return ast;}
很多时候虽然是同一个功能,但由于一两个不同点,让你不得不写两个几乎相同的函数。
要想优化重复代码需要有较强的抽象能力,错误的抽象还不如重复代码。所以在抽象过程中必须要遵循 SOLID
原则(SOLID
是什么?稍后会详细介绍)。
Bad:
function showDeveloperList(developers) { developers.forEach((developer) => { const expectedSalary = developer.calculateExpectedSalary(); const experience = developer.getExperience(); const githubLink = developer.getGithubLink(); const data = { expectedSalary, experience, githubLink }; render(data); });}function showManagerList(managers) { managers.forEach((manager) => { const expectedSalary = manager.calculateExpectedSalary(); const experience = manager.getExperience(); const portfolio = manager.getMBAProjects(); const data = { expectedSalary, experience, portfolio }; render(data); });}
Good
function showEmployeeList(employees) { employees.forEach(employee => { const expectedSalary = employee.calculateExpectedSalary(); const experience = employee.getExperience(); const data = { expectedSalary, experience, }; switch(employee.type) { case 'develop': data.githubLink = employee.getGithubLink(); break case 'manager': data.portfolio = employee.getMBAProjects(); break } render(data); })}
Bad:
const menuConfig = { title: null, body: 'Bar', buttonText: null, cancellable: true};function createMenu(config) { config.title = config.title || 'Foo'; config.body = config.body || 'Bar'; config.buttonText = config.buttonText || 'Baz'; config.cancellable = config.cancellable !== undefined ? config.cancellable : true;}createMenu(menuConfig);
Good
const menuConfig = { title: 'Order', // 'body' key 缺失 buttonText: 'Send', cancellable: true};function createMenu(config) { config = Object.assign({ title: 'Foo', body: 'Bar', buttonText: 'Baz', cancellable: true }, config); // config 就变成了: {title: "Order", body: "Bar", buttonText: "Send", cancellable: true} // ...}createMenu(menuConfig);
通过 flag 的 true 或 false,来判断执行逻辑,违反了一个函数干一件事的原则。
Bad:
function createFile(name, temp) { if (temp) { fs.create(`./temp/${name}`); } else { fs.create(name); }}
Good
function createFile(name) { fs.create(name);}function createFileTemplate(name) { createFile(`./temp/${name}`)}
函数接收一个值返回一个新值,除此之外的行为我们都称之为副作用,比如修改全局变量、对文件进行 IO 操作等。
当函数确实需要副作用时,比如对文件进行 IO 操作时,请不要用多个函数/类进行文件操作,有且仅用一个函数/类来处理。也就是说副作用需要在唯一的地方处理。副作用的三大天坑:随意修改可变数据类型、随意分享没有数据结构的状态、没有在统一地方处理副作用。Bad:
// 全局变量被一个函数引用// 现在这个变量从字符串变成了数组,如果有其他的函数引用,会发生无法预见的错误。var name = 'Ryan McDermott';function splitIntoFirstAndLastName() { name = name.split(' ');}splitIntoFirstAndLastName();console.log(name); // ['Ryan', 'McDermott'];
Good
var name = 'Ryan McDermott';var newName = splitIntoFirstAndLastName(name)function splitIntoFirstAndLastName(name) { return name.split(' ');}console.log(name); // 'Ryan McDermott';console.log(newName); // ['Ryan', 'McDermott'];
在 JavaScript 中,基本类型通过赋值传递,对象和数组通过引用传递。以引用传递为例:
假如我们写一个购物车,通过addItemToCart()
方法添加商品到购物车,修改 购物车数组
。此时调用 purchase()
方法购买,由于引用传递,获取的 购物车数组
正好是最新的数据。 看起来没问题对不对?
如果当用户点击购买时,网络出现故障, purchase()
方法一直在重复调用,与此同时用户又添加了新的商品,这时网络又恢复了。那么 purchase()
方法获取到 购物车数组
就是错误的。
为了避免这种问题,我们需要在每次新增商品时,克隆 购物车数组
并返回新的数组。
Bad:
const addItemToCart = (cart, item) => { cart.push({ item, date: Date.now() });};
Good
const addItemToCart = (cart, item) => { return [...cart, {item, date: Date.now()}]};
在 JavaScript 中,永远不要污染全局,会在生产环境中产生难以预料的 bug。举个例子,比如你在 Array.prototype
上新增一个 diff
方法来判断两个数组的不同。而你同事也打算做类似的事情,不过他的 diff
方法是用来判断两个数组首位元素的不同。很明显你们方法会产生冲突,遇到这类问题我们可以用 ES2015/ES6 的语法来对 Array
进行扩展。
Array.prototype.diff = function diff(comparisonArray) { const hash = new Set(comparisonArray); return this.filter(elem => !hash.has(elem));};
Good
class SuperArray extends Array { diff(comparisonArray) { const hash = new Set(comparisonArray); return this.filter(elem => !hash.has(elem)); }}
函数式变编程可以让代码的逻辑更清晰更优雅,方便测试。
Bad:
const programmerOutput = [ { name: 'Uncle Bobby', linesOfCode: 500 }, { name: 'Suzie Q', linesOfCode: 1500 }, { name: 'Jimmy Gosling', linesOfCode: 150 }, { name: 'Gracie Hopper', linesOfCode: 1000 }];let totalOutput = 0;for (let i = 0; i < programmerOutput.length; i++) { totalOutput += programmerOutput[i].linesOfCode;}
Good
const programmerOutput = [ { name: 'Uncle Bobby', linesOfCode: 500 }, { name: 'Suzie Q', linesOfCode: 1500 }, { name: 'Jimmy Gosling', linesOfCode: 150 }, { name: 'Gracie Hopper', linesOfCode: 1000 }];let totalOutput = programmerOutput .map(output => output.linesOfCode) .reduce((totalLines, lines) => totalLines + lines, 0)
Bad:
if (fsm.state === 'fetching' && isEmpty(listNode)) { // ...}
Good
function shouldShowSpinner(fsm, listNode) { return fsm.state === 'fetching' && isEmpty(listNode);}if (shouldShowSpinner(fsmInstance, listNodeInstance)) { // ...}
Bad:
function isDOMNodeNotPresent(node) { // ...}if (!isDOMNodeNotPresent(node)) { // ...}
Good
function isDOMNodePresent(node) { // ...}if (isDOMNodePresent(node)) { // ...}
Q:不用条件语句写代码是不可能的。
A:绝大多数场景可以用多态替代。Q:用多态可行,但为什么就不能用条件语句了呢?A:为了让代码更简洁易读,如果你的函数中出现了条件判断,那么说明你的函数不止干了一件事情,违反了函数单一原则。Bad:
class Airplane { // ... // 获取巡航高度 getCruisingAltitude() { switch (this.type) { case '777': return this.getMaxAltitude() - this.getPassengerCount(); case 'Air Force One': return this.getMaxAltitude(); case 'Cessna': return this.getMaxAltitude() - this.getFuelExpenditure(); } }}
Good
class Airplane { // ...}// 波音777class Boeing777 extends Airplane { // ... getCruisingAltitude() { return this.getMaxAltitude() - this.getPassengerCount(); }}// 空军一号class AirForceOne extends Airplane { // ... getCruisingAltitude() { return this.getMaxAltitude(); }}// 赛纳斯飞机class Cessna extends Airplane { // ... getCruisingAltitude() { return this.getMaxAltitude() - this.getFuelExpenditure(); }}
JavaScript 是无类型的,意味着你可以传任意类型参数,这种自由度很容易让人困扰,不自觉的就会去检查类型。仔细想想是你真的需要检查类型还是你的 API 设计有问题?
Bad:
function travelToTexas(vehicle) { if (vehicle instanceof Bicycle) { vehicle.pedal(this.currentLocation, new Location('texas')); } else if (vehicle instanceof Car) { vehicle.drive(this.currentLocation, new Location('texas')); }}
Good
function travelToTexas(vehicle) { vehicle.move(this.currentLocation, new Location('texas'));}
如果你需要做静态类型检查,比如字符串、整数等,推荐使用 TypeScript,不然你的代码会变得又臭又长。
Bad:
function combine(val1, val2) { if (typeof val1 === 'number' && typeof val2 === 'number' || typeof val1 === 'string' && typeof val2 === 'string') { return val1 + val2; } throw new Error('Must be of type String or Number');}
Good
function combine(val1, val2) { return val1 + val2;}
现代浏览器已经在底层做了很多优化,过去的很多优化方案都是无效的,会浪费你的时间,想知道现代浏览器优化了哪些内容,。
Bad:
// 在老的浏览器中,由于 `list.length` 没有做缓存,每次迭代都会去计算,造成不必要开销。// 现代浏览器已对此做了优化。for (let i = 0, len = list.length; i < len; i++) { // ...}
Good
for (let i = 0; i < list.length; i++) { // ...}
很多时候有些代码已经没有用了,但担心以后会用,舍不得删。
如果你忘了这件事,这些代码就永远存在那里了。
放心删吧,你可以在代码库历史版本中找他它。
Bad:
function oldRequestModule(url) { // ...}function newRequestModule(url) { // ...}const req = newRequestModule;inventoryTracker('apples', req, 'www.inventory-awesome.io');
Good
function newRequestModule(url) { // ...}const req = newRequestModule;inventoryTracker('apples', req, 'www.inventory-awesome.io');
这样做可以带来很多好处,比如在操作数据时打日志,方便跟踪错误;在 set
的时候很容易对数据进行校验...
Bad:
function makeBankAccount() { // ... return { balance: 0, // ... };}const account = makeBankAccount();account.balance = 100;
Good
function makeBankAccount() { // 私有变量 let balance = 0; function getBalance() { return balance; } function setBalance(amount) { // ... 在更新 balance 前,对 amount 进行校验 balance = amount; } return { // ... getBalance, setBalance, };}const account = makeBankAccount();account.setBalance(100);
可以用闭包来创建私有变量
Bad:
const Employee = function(name) { this.name = name;};Employee.prototype.getName = function getName() { return this.name;};const employee = new Employee('John Doe');console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: John Doedelete employee.name;console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: undefined
Good
function makeEmployee(name) { return { getName() { return name; }, };}const employee = makeEmployee('John Doe');console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: John Doedelete employee.name;console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: John Doe
在 ES2015/ES6 之前,没有类的语法,只能用构造函数的方式模拟类,可读性非常差。
Bad:
// 动物const Animal = function(age) { if (!(this instanceof Animal)) { throw new Error('Instantiate Animal with `new`'); } this.age = age;};Animal.prototype.move = function move() {};// 哺乳动物const Mammal = function(age, furColor) { if (!(this instanceof Mammal)) { throw new Error('Instantiate Mammal with `new`'); } Animal.call(this, age); this.furColor = furColor;};Mammal.prototype = Object.create(Animal.prototype);Mammal.prototype.constructor = Mammal;Mammal.prototype.liveBirth = function liveBirth() {};// 人类const Human = function(age, furColor, languageSpoken) { if (!(this instanceof Human)) { throw new Error('Instantiate Human with `new`'); } Mammal.call(this, age, furColor); this.languageSpoken = languageSpoken;};Human.prototype = Object.create(Mammal.prototype);Human.prototype.constructor = Human;Human.prototype.speak = function speak() {};
Good
// 动物class Animal { constructor(age) { this.age = age }; move() {};}// 哺乳动物class Mammal extends Animal{ constructor(age, furColor) { super(age); this.furColor = furColor; }; liveBirth() {};}// 人类class Human extends Mammal{ constructor(age, furColor, languageSpoken) { super(age, furColor); this.languageSpoken = languageSpoken; }; speak() {};}
这种模式相当有用,可以在很多库中发现它的身影,比如 jQuery、Lodash 等。它让你的代码简洁优雅。实现起来也非常简单,在类的方法最后返回 this 可以了。
Bad:
class Car { constructor(make, model, color) { this.make = make; this.model = model; this.color = color; } setMake(make) { this.make = make; } setModel(model) { this.model = model; } setColor(color) { this.color = color; } save() { console.log(this.make, this.model, this.color); }}const car = new Car('Ford','F-150','red');car.setColor('pink');car.save();
Good
class Car { constructor(make, model, color) { this.make = make; this.model = model; this.color = color; } setMake(make) { this.make = make; return this; } setModel(model) { this.model = model; return this; } setColor(color) { this.color = color; return this; } save() { console.log(this.make, this.model, this.color); return this; }}const car = new Car('Ford','F-150','red') .setColor('pink'); .save();
很多时候继承被滥用,导致可读性很差,要搞清楚两个类之间的关系,继承表达的一个属于关系,而不是包含关系,比如 Human->Animal vs. User->UserDetails
Bad:
class Employee { constructor(name, email) { this.name = name; this.email = email; } // ...}// TaxData(税收信息)并不是属于 Employee(雇员),而是包含关系。class EmployeeTaxData extends Employee { constructor(ssn, salary) { super(); this.ssn = ssn; this.salary = salary; } // ...}
Good
class EmployeeTaxData { constructor(ssn, salary) { this.ssn = ssn; this.salary = salary; } // ...}class Employee { constructor(name, email) { this.name = name; this.email = email; } setTaxData(ssn, salary) { this.taxData = new EmployeeTaxData(ssn, salary); } // ...}
SOLID 是几个单词首字母组合而来,分别表示 单一功能原则
、开闭原则
、里氏替换原则
、接口隔离原则
以及依赖反转原则
。
如果一个类干的事情太多太杂,会导致后期很难维护。我们应该厘清职责,各司其职减少相互之间依赖。
Bad:
class UserSettings { constructor(user) { this.user = user; } changeSettings(settings) { if (this.verifyCredentials()) { // ... } } verifyCredentials() { // ... }}
Good
class UserAuth { constructor(user) { this.user = user; } verifyCredentials() { // ... }}class UserSetting { constructor(user) { this.user = user; this.auth = new UserAuth(this.user); } changeSettings(settings) { if (this.auth.verifyCredentials()) { // ... } }}}
“开”指的就是类、模块、函数都应该具有可扩展性,“闭”指的是它们不应该被修改。也就是说你可以新增功能但不能去修改源码。
Bad:
class AjaxAdapter extends Adapter { constructor() { super(); this.name = 'ajaxAdapter'; }}class NodeAdapter extends Adapter { constructor() { super(); this.name = 'nodeAdapter'; }}class HttpRequester { constructor(adapter) { this.adapter = adapter; } fetch(url) { if (this.adapter.name === 'ajaxAdapter') { return makeAjaxCall(url).then((response) => { // 传递 response 并 return }); } else if (this.adapter.name === 'httpNodeAdapter') { return makeHttpCall(url).then((response) => { // 传递 response 并 return }); } }}function makeAjaxCall(url) { // 处理 request 并 return promise}function makeHttpCall(url) { // 处理 request 并 return promise}
Good
class AjaxAdapter extends Adapter { constructor() { super(); this.name = 'ajaxAdapter'; } request(url) { // 处理 request 并 return promise }}class NodeAdapter extends Adapter { constructor() { super(); this.name = 'nodeAdapter'; } request(url) { // 处理 request 并 return promise }}class HttpRequester { constructor(adapter) { this.adapter = adapter; } fetch(url) { return this.adapter.request(url).then((response) => { // 传递 response 并 return }); }}
名字很唬人,其实道理很简单,就是子类不要去重写父类的方法。
Bad:
// 长方形class Rectangle { constructor() { this.width = 0; this.height = 0; } setColor(color) { // ... } render(area) { // ... } setWidth(width) { this.width = width; } setHeight(height) { this.height = height; } getArea() { return this.width * this.height; }}// 正方形class Square extends Rectangle { setWidth(width) { this.width = width; this.height = width; } setHeight(height) { this.width = height; this.height = height; }}function renderLargeRectangles(rectangles) { rectangles.forEach((rectangle) => { rectangle.setWidth(4); rectangle.setHeight(5); const area = rectangle.getArea(); rectangle.render(area); });}const rectangles = [new Rectangle(), new Rectangle(), new Square()];renderLargeRectangles(rectangles);
Good
class Shape { setColor(color) { // ... } render(area) { // ... }}class Rectangle extends Shape { constructor(width, height) { super(); this.width = width; this.height = height; } getArea() { return this.width * this.height; }}class Square extends Shape { constructor(length) { super(); this.length = length; } getArea() { return this.length * this.length; }}function renderLargeShapes(shapes) { shapes.forEach((shape) => { const area = shape.getArea(); shape.render(area); });}const shapes = [new Rectangle(4, 5), new Rectangle(4, 5), new Square(5)];renderLargeShapes(shapes);
JavaScript 几乎没有接口的概念,所以这条原则很少被使用。官方定义是“客户端不应该依赖它不需要的接口”,也就是接口最小化,把接口解耦。
Bad:
class DOMTraverser { constructor(settings) { this.settings = settings; this.setup(); } setup() { this.rootNode = this.settings.rootNode; this.animationModule.setup(); } traverse() { // ... }}const $ = new DOMTraverser({ rootNode: document.getElementsByTagName('body'), animationModule() {} // Most of the time, we won't need to animate when traversing. // ...});
Good
class DOMTraverser { constructor(settings) { this.settings = settings; this.options = settings.options; this.setup(); } setup() { this.rootNode = this.settings.rootNode; this.setupOptions(); } setupOptions() { if (this.options.animationModule) { // ... } } traverse() { // ... }}const $ = new DOMTraverser({ rootNode: document.getElementsByTagName('body'), options: { animationModule() {} }});
说就两点:
总结下来就两个字,解耦。
Bad:
// 库存查询class InventoryRequester { constructor() { this.REQ_METHODS = ['HTTP']; } requestItem(item) { // ... }}// 库存跟踪class InventoryTracker { constructor(items) { this.items = items; // 这里依赖一个特殊的请求类,其实我们只是需要一个请求方法。 this.requester = new InventoryRequester(); } requestItems() { this.items.forEach((item) => { this.requester.requestItem(item); }); }}const inventoryTracker = new InventoryTracker(['apples', 'bananas']);inventoryTracker.requestItems();
Good
// 库存跟踪class InventoryTracker { constructor(items, requester) { this.items = items; this.requester = requester; } requestItems() { this.items.forEach((item) => { this.requester.requestItem(item); }); }}// HTTP 请求class InventoryRequesterHTTP { constructor() { this.REQ_METHODS = ['HTTP']; } requestItem(item) { // ... }}// webSocket 请求class InventoryRequesterWS { constructor() { this.REQ_METHODS = ['WS']; } requestItem(item) { // ... }}// 通过依赖注入的方式将请求模块解耦,这样我们就可以很轻易的替换成 webSocket 请求。const inventoryTracker = new InventoryTracker(['apples', 'bananas'], new InventoryRequesterHTTP());inventoryTracker.requestItems();
随着项目变得越来越庞大,时间线拉长,有的老代码可能半年都没碰过,如果此时上线,你有信心这部分代码能正常工作吗?测试的覆盖率和你的信心是成正比的。
PS: 如果你发现你的代码很难被测试,那么你应该优化你的代码了。
Bad:
import assert from 'assert';describe('MakeMomentJSGreatAgain', () => { it('handles date boundaries', () => { let date; date = new MakeMomentJSGreatAgain('1/1/2015'); date.addDays(30); assert.equal('1/31/2015', date); date = new MakeMomentJSGreatAgain('2/1/2016'); date.addDays(28); assert.equal('02/29/2016', date); date = new MakeMomentJSGreatAgain('2/1/2015'); date.addDays(28); assert.equal('03/01/2015', date); });});
Good
import assert from 'assert';describe('MakeMomentJSGreatAgain', () => { it('handles 30-day months', () => { const date = new MakeMomentJSGreatAgain('1/1/2015'); date.addDays(30); assert.equal('1/31/2015', date); }); it('handles leap year', () => { const date = new MakeMomentJSGreatAgain('2/1/2016'); date.addDays(28); assert.equal('02/29/2016', date); }); it('handles non-leap year', () => { const date = new MakeMomentJSGreatAgain('2/1/2015'); date.addDays(28); assert.equal('03/01/2015', date); });});
不会有人愿意去看嵌套回调的代码,用 Promises 替代回调吧。
Bad:
import { get } from 'request';import { writeFile } from 'fs';get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin', (requestErr, response) => { if (requestErr) { console.error(requestErr); } else { writeFile('article.html', response.body, (writeErr) => { if (writeErr) { console.error(writeErr); } else { console.log('File written'); } }); }});
Good
get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin') .then((response) => { return writeFile('article.html', response); }) .then(() => { console.log('File written'); }) .catch((err) => { console.error(err); });
Bad:
import { get } from 'request-promise';import { writeFile } from 'fs-promise';get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin') .then((response) => { return writeFile('article.html', response); }) .then(() => { console.log('File written'); }) .catch((err) => { console.error(err); });
Good
import { get } from 'request-promise';import { writeFile } from 'fs-promise';async function getCleanCodeArticle() { try { const response = await get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin'); await writeFile('article.html', response); console.log('File written'); } catch(err) { console.error(err); }}
Bad:
try { functionThatMightThrow();} catch (error) { console.log(error);}
Good
try { functionThatMightThrow();} catch (error) { // 这一种选择,比起 console.log 更直观 console.error(error); // 也可以在界面上提醒用户 notifyUserOfError(error); // 也可以把异常传回服务器 reportErrorToService(error); // 其他的自定义方法}
Bad:
getdata() .then((data) => { functionThatMightThrow(data); }) .catch((error) => { console.log(error); });
Good
getdata() .then((data) => { functionThatMightThrow(data); }) .catch((error) => { // 这一种选择,比起 console.log 更直观 console.error(error); // 也可以在界面上提醒用户 notifyUserOfError(error); // 也可以把异常传回服务器 reportErrorToService(error); // 其他的自定义方法 });
代码风格是主观的,争论哪种好哪种不好是在浪费生命。市面上有很多自动处理代码风格的工具,选一个喜欢就行了,我们来讨论几个非自动处理的部分。
Bad:
const DAYS_IN_WEEK = 7;const daysInMonth = 30;const songs = ['Back In Black', 'Stairway to Heaven', 'Hey Jude'];const Artists = ['ACDC', 'Led Zeppelin', 'The Beatles'];function eraseDatabase() {}function restore_database() {}class animal {}class Alpaca {}
Good
const DAYS_IN_WEEK = 7;const DAYS_IN_MONTH = 30;const SONGS = ['Back In Black', 'Stairway to Heaven', 'Hey Jude'];const ARTISTS = ['ACDC', 'Led Zeppelin', 'The Beatles'];function eraseDatabase() {}function restoreDatabase() {}class Animal {}class Alpaca {}
就像我们看报纸文章一样,从上到下看,所以为了方便阅读把函数声明写在函数调用前面。
Bad:
class PerformanceReview { constructor(employee) { this.employee = employee; } lookupPeers() { return db.lookup(this.employee, 'peers'); } lookupManager() { return db.lookup(this.employee, 'manager'); } getPeerReviews() { const peers = this.lookupPeers(); // ... } perfReview() { this.getPeerReviews(); this.getManagerReview(); this.getSelfReview(); } getManagerReview() { const manager = this.lookupManager(); } getSelfReview() { // ... }}const review = new PerformanceReview(employee);review.perfReview();
Good
class PerformanceReview { constructor(employee) { this.employee = employee; } perfReview() { this.getPeerReviews(); this.getManagerReview(); this.getSelfReview(); } getPeerReviews() { const peers = this.lookupPeers(); // ... } lookupPeers() { return db.lookup(this.employee, 'peers'); } getManagerReview() { const manager = this.lookupManager(); } lookupManager() { return db.lookup(this.employee, 'manager'); } getSelfReview() { // ... }}const review = new PerformanceReview(employee);review.perfReview();
代码注释不是越多越好。
Bad:
function hashIt(data) { // 这是初始值 let hash = 0; // 数组的长度 const length = data.length; // 循环数组 for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) { // 获取字符代码 const char = data.charCodeAt(i); // 修改 hash hash = ((hash << 5) - hash) + char; // 转换为32位整数 hash &= hash; }}
Good
function hashIt(data) { let hash = 0; const length = data.length; for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) { const char = data.charCodeAt(i); hash = ((hash << 5) - hash) + char; // 转换为32位整数 hash &= hash; }}
git 存在的意义就是保存你的旧代码,所以注释的代码赶紧删掉吧。
Bad:
doStuff();// doOtherStuff();// doSomeMoreStuff();// doSoMuchStuff();
Good
doStuff();
记住你有 git!,git log
可以帮你干这事。
Bad:
/** * 2016-12-20: 删除了 xxx * 2016-10-01: 改进了 xxx * 2016-02-03: 删除了第12行的类型检查 * 2015-03-14: 增加了一个合并的方法 */function combine(a, b) { return a + b;}
Good
function combine(a, b) { return a + b;}
注释高亮,并不能起到提示的作用,反而会干扰你阅读代码。
Bad:
// Scope Model Instantiation$scope.model = { menu: 'foo', nav: 'bar'};// Action setupconst actions = function() { // ...};
Good
$scope.model = { menu: 'foo', nav: 'bar'};const actions = function() { // ...};
ref
翻译自的,本文对原文进行了一些修改。